8/18/2023 0 Comments Auditory cortex damageGradually, the ADS and the direct frontal-brainstem connections became more robust and vocal control became more volitional. Vocal control could then enable question-answer conversations, by offspring emitting a low-level distress call for inquiring about the safety of objects, and mothers responding with high-or low-level distress calls. This enabled offspring to modify their Hominans contact calls with intonations for signaling different distress levels to their mother. I propose that, due to duplication of a parietal region and its frontal projections, and strengthening of direct frontal-brainstem connections, the ADS converted auditory input directly to vocal regions in the frontal lobe, which endowed early with partial vocal control. Because the human ADS processes also speech production and repetition, I further describe a course for the development of speech in humans. The auditory cortex then projects to parieto-frontal visuospatial regions (visual dorsal stream) for searching the caller, and via a series of frontal lobe-brainstem connections, a contact call is produced in return. Perception of contact calls occurs by the ADS detecting a voice, localizing it, and verifying that the corresponding face is out of sight. These calls are exchanged between tribe members (e.g., mother-offspring) and are used for monitoring location. I propose that the primary role of the ADS in monkeys/apes is the perception and response to contact calls. The AVS is responsible for sound recognition, and the ADS for sound-localization, voice detection and audiovisual integration. In the brain of primates, the auditory cortex connects with the frontal lobe via the temporal pole (auditory ventral stream AVS) and via the inferior parietal lobule (auditory dorsal stream ADS). They also reveal a hierarchical system of abstracted sensory-motor representations incorporating a major division between object interaction and object perception processes. The results indicate that these aspects of conceptual knowledge are encoded in multimodal and higher-level unimodal areas involved in processing the corresponding types of information during perception and action, in agreement with embodied theories of semantics. Regions responsive to each attribute were identified using independent ratings of the attributes’ relevance to the meaning of each word. With a multivariate fMRI design, we examined activation associated with five sensory-motor attributes-color, shape, visual motion, sound, and manipulation-for 900 words. The present study addressed this issue by investigating the simultaneous contributions of multiple sensory-motor modalities to semantic word processing. However, little is known about the overall architecture of this representational system, including the role played by higher-level areas that integrate different types of sensory and motor information. Recent research indicates that sensory and motor cortical areas play a significant role in the neural representation of concepts.
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